I am analyzing a transcript of Jamie’s Dream School Series1 and will be identifying and evaluating language features used Essay Example for Free

I am analyzing a transcript of Jamies Dream School Series1 and will be identifying and evaluating phraseology features used EssayI am analyzing a transcript of Jamies Dream School Series1 and will be identifying and evaluating language features usedStarkey is a instructor and is in a position of authority and has a preconceived judgement his students are not serious as such, sees the need to drive home a few key facts which includes the reason for their being in school. He does this by laying emphasis on repetitive pronouns e.g. you, youve as he draws into the intercourse. Connor interrupts and thus overlaps Starkey by saying yeah right in response to Starkeys comment on some animals being faster. Starkey finds this rude and considering his position of authority and preconceived notion of the students not being particularly bright, he responds in an equally insultive manner stating Connor was fat and couldnt really move. At the point, the conversation changes from formal to versed and he uses youreThis sparks overlapping laughter and noise from the rest of the class. Connor takes it personal and uses colloquial/slang language yeah and man in his response and further insults Starkey who uses ingenuity items in response Yes // now// right in an attempt to change the conversation from informal rump to formal and overlaps and repeats by stuttering nervously this is, this is, this is and persona, personaConnor maintains an informal note as evidenced in his use of contractions and informal wrangling e.g. shit, Ill, mate, and dont. and use of a phoney start dont start, alright dont start at all because hes clearly upset.Starkey then remarks problem on that point are wi wi with Jamies food theyll be, lots of dieting opportunities now. It seems Starkey repeats words when upset. Again here, hes used wi wi and a contraction theyll indicates an informal tone.The conversation is still informal because Connor uses youre ITS, and addresses Starkey as mate AND A HEDGE dya . He also sarcastic by using polite words May I ask and immediately follows it by asking if Starkeyhas always been 4 feet tall.Starkey maintains a sarcastic note by replying from the age of thirteen.This transcript started mutilate on a formal note but turned out to be mainly informal. Connors final response Okay brings the conversation back to a forma note

Solid Variant of Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of Thoracic Spine

Solid Variant of aneurysmatic jampack Cyst of thoracic SpineSOLID VARIANT OF ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST (S-ABC) OF THORACIC SPINE A Case ReportAbstractIntroduction The solid stock of aneurysmal chock up cyst (ABC) has been seen on occasional basis, and till date very few cases involving the mainstay has been addressed. The concluding difficulty is in diagnosing it with X-rays without exploitation biopsy or surgery methods. In this case report, we present a very rare tumor of thoracic spine which was presented to us in an emergency property and was managed by 360 degree decompression via posterior totally approach and stabilization.Case Report A 16-year-old young boy, presented to us with a sudden onset of impuissance in both the lower extremities leading to paraplegia. He also had a history of back and chest botheration since a year. Collapse of T5 vertebrae on distinct radiograph was observed. The patient was taken to the operating room on emergency basis with an initial plan of a total en-block spondylectomy of T5. However, intraoperatively, histology favored solid-ABC variant instead than spindle cell tumor, Giant Cell Tumor. Thus Initial plan was rewrite to 360 degree decompression and without resecting body en-block via posterolateral approach.Results After surgery, there was not only complete resolution of sensory and motor functions entirely also his chest and back pain was resolved. The diseased vertebral body was re-constituted with new bone governance and healing was seen at 18 months, postoperatively.Conclusion This case report concludes that solid ABC should be kept as a differential diagnosis for tumor of spine. Intraoperative frozen sections shall be useful as well. However,early diagnosis and appropriate surgical plays the most of the essence(p) role in successful management of ABC.Keywords aneurismal Bone Cyst, ABC, Osteolytic lesion, Palliative Surgery.INTRODUCTIONThe solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is generally very ra re to see and accounts for 3.4% to 7.5% of all aneurysmal bone cysts 1. It is an expansible cystic lesion which can occur in any part of the bone and most often affects individuals in their second decade of life 2,3.Jaffe and Lichtenstein were the first ones to call ABC as its own entity in 1942, when they noted a peculiar blood-containing cyst of large size. 4. Although kindly, an ABC can grow rapidly and destruct the bone. Its expansile nature can cause lot of swelling, pain, deformity, disruption of growth plates, pathologic fractures and neurologic symptoms depending on location 2,3.As many as 69% of original ABCs demonstrate a characteristic clonal t(1617) genetic translocationwhich can lead to upregulation of the TRE17/USP6 oncogene 5,6.However, the diagnosis of ABC is quite difficult without biopsy or surgery. thither is a distinct solid variant of ABC which was first described by Sanerkin et al., in 1983 7. This solid variant may be easily misdiagnosed as a spindle cell tumor, especially osteosarcoma 1.ABCs are generally treated with surgery. However, asymptomatic ABCs may also exist which is characterized by clinically insignificant destruction of the bone. In such cases, close monitoring alone of the lesion is sufficient enough. However, the diagnosis must be first confirmed and the lesion should not be increasing in size. In case monitoring alone is selected as the management plan 8.CASE REPORTA 16-year-old young boy, presented to us with a sudden onset of weakness in both the lower extremities leading to paraplegia. He also had a history of back and chest pain since a year. A good rectal tone without any perineal anesthesia was seen in rectal examination and the post-void residual urine volume was negligible. His premedical history was unremarkable. Laboratory findings were all within normal limits. Plain radiograph revealed collapse of T5 vertebrae in figure 1. CT axial images showed expansile and lyrics lesion in vertebral body, left pedicel and cross(prenominal) process. T2-weighted Sagittal and axial MRI T2 weighted images of thoracic spine showing hyperintence signals in T5 vertebral body, left pedicle and transverse process with pathological fracture (Figure 2).Attempt to establish preoperative tissue biopsy couldnt be done because of the urgency of decompression. The patient was taken to the operating room on emergency basis with an initial plan of a total en-block spondylectomy of T5.However, intraoperatively, histology favored solid-ABC variant rather than Giant Cell Tumor. Thus Initial plan was revised to palliative surgery with 360 degree decompression and without resecting body en-block via posterolateral approach as shown in figure 3. The vertebral column was reconstructed in a 360 elbow room with an expandable titanium cage and pedicle screw fixation (Figure 3).ResultsAfter surgery, there was not only complete resolution of sensory and motor functions but also his chest and back pain was resolved. The disea sed vertebral body was re-constituted with new bone formation and healing was seen at 18 months, postoperatively (figure 4). discourseABCs are benign, but locally aggressive and highly vascular tumors which has recurrence rates after curettage of equal to or less than 50 % 9. However, Malghem had reported in his study about the spontaneous healing in three patients 10.ABCs are found to have a predilection for the lumbar spine in the case series presented by Boriani 11. Although CT and MRI are preferred diagnostic methods, it may be noted that in the literature, biopsy is the utmost necessary for confirmation, due to similarity of many bone lesions in appearance. Biopsy will show the proliferating round or oval cells, generally mixed with randomly distributed multi-nucleated goliath cells, regions of reactive fibroblastic proliferation and region of tumor with the blood filled microcystic component 12.Depending on the proliferative component, the solid variant of ABC may be histolog ically misdiagnosed for other benign or malignant tumor-like lesions of the bone 1.The pathological differential diagnosis should always be kept in mind while thinking of ABC. They include caveman bone cyst, giant cell tumor, hemangioma, osteosarcoma, and chondroblastoma 13.Treatment of ABC is also very controversial which includes arterial embolization, curettage with or without bone grafting, complete excision, intra-lesional drug injections (steroid and calcitonin) and radioactivity 14. However,early diagnosis and appropriate surgical plays the most important role in successful management of ABC 15.Whether surgical management results in a dampen outcome and recurrence rate than a more conservative or palliative one (for example, curettage alone) remains controversial and to be seen in future studies.ConclusionThis case report concludes that ABC should be kept as a differential diagnosis for tumour of spine. Intraoperative frozen sections shall be useful as well. An effective spinal decompression and stabilization of ABC can be achieved by partial or subtotal excisions. However,early diagnosis and appropriate surgical plays the most important role in successful management of ABC.ReferencesBertoni F, Bacchinin P, Capanna R, Ruggieri P, Biagini R, Ferruxxi A, Bettelli G, Picci P, Campanacci M Solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst. Cancer 1993, 71729-734.Clayer M. Injectable form of calcium sulphate as preaching of aneurysmal bone cysts. ANZ J Surg. 2008 May. 78(5)366-70.Burch S, Hu S, Berven S. Aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2008 Jan. 19(1)41-7.Jaffe HL, Lichtenstein L. Solitary unicameral bone cyst with emphasis on the universal gas constant picture, the pathologic appearance and the pathogenesis. Arch Surg. 1942. 441004-25.Panoutsakopoulos G, Pandis N, Kyriazoglou I, Gustafson P, Mertens F, Mandahl N. Recurrent t(1617)(q22p13) in aneurysmal bone cysts. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1999 Nov. 26(3)265-6.Lau AW, Pringle LM, Quick L , Riquelme DN, Ye Y, Oliveira AM, et al. TRE17/ubiquitin-specific protease 6 (USP6) oncogene translocated in aneurysmal bone cyst blocks osteoblastic maturation via an autocrine mechanism involving bone morphogenetic protein dysregulation. J Biol Chem. 2010 Nov 19. 285(47)37111-20.Sanerkin NG, Mott MG, Roylance J An unusual intraosseous lesion with fibroblastic, osteoclastic, osteoblastic, aneurysmal and fibromyxoid elements solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst. Cancer 1983, 512278-2286.Tedesco N. Medscape, Aneurysmal Bone Cyst. Available from http//emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-overviewa11. Accessed on 24th January, 2017.Ruiter DJ, Van Rijssel TG, Van Der Velde EA. Aneurysmal bone cysts a clinicopathological study of 105 cases. Cancer. 1977392231-2239. doi 10.1002/1097-0142(197705)3953.0.CO2-Q.Malghem J, Maldague B, Esselinckx, Noel H, De Nayer P, Vincent A. oral healing of aneurysmal bone cysts a report of three cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 198971B645-650.Boriani S, De Iure F, Campanacci L, et al. Aneurysmal bone cyst of the mobile spine report on 41 cases. Spine. 20012627-35. doi 10.1097/00007632-200101010-00007.Saccomanni R. Aneurysmal bone cyst of spine a review of literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 20081281145-1147. doi 10.1007/s00402-007-0477-6.Hay MC, Paterson D, Taylor TK. Aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 197860406-411.Tsai JC, Dalinka MK, Fallon MD, Zlatkin MB, Kressel HY. Fluid-fluid level a nonspecific finding in tumors of bone and soft tissue. Radiology. 1990175(3)779-782.Garg S, Mehta S, Dormans JP. Modern surgical treatment of primary aneurysmal bone cyst of the spine in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 200525(3)387-392. doi 10.1097/01.bpo.0000152910.16045.ee.Figures and LegendsFigure 1. Radiograph showing collapse of T5 Vertebra (AP and LAT XRAY of thoracic spine showing pathological fracture and collapse of T5)FIGURE 2. CT (Top Left) MRI (Bottom left and Right).Figure 2. Intraoperative AP and L at X-ray of thoracic spine showing pedicle screw fixation and cageFigure 4. Post-surgery MRI showing new bone formation

Architecture And Sustainable Tourism

architecture And Sustainable TourismTourism has been one of the economic success stories of the last 40 years. It has grown into a major component of the world economy and one of the virtually highly developed and dynamic industries with an important contribution to incomes and employment. Tourism has been rapidly growing sphere and a wide-sweeping socioeconomic phenomenon with broad economic, social, cultural and environmental consequences. It is likely that tourism will continue to dominate the planetary scene for many years to come. (Sharma, 2001)The environment is probably one of the most important contributors to the desirability and attractiveness of a destination. Scenic site, amenable climates and unique landscape features bring on an important influence in tourism development and the spatial distribution of tourist movements. Apart from environment, the other important tourist puller is culture in completely its diversity crosswise continents. Cultural tourism has lon g existed, but recent demographic, social, and cultural changes in the main source countries have led to an increasing number of saucy niche markets in destination countries, including culture-oriented holidays.However, like other forms of development, tourism has also contributed to its share of problems, such as social interruption, loss of cultural heritage, economic dependence and bionomic degradation. (UNEP, WTO, 2005). Learning about the brunt of tourism has led many tourists to seek more conscientious holidays. These incorporate various forms of sustainable tourism such as nature-based tourism, ecotourism and cultural tourism. The major problems arise because the environment (at least in the short term) is a zero priced public good and as with any zero-priced good, is subject to excess take on and over-utilization. This over-utilization of the inherent resources and exploitation of cultural heritage especially during the peak periods of tourist activity as well as often ill planned tourism development, have provided a number of examples where tourism is in conflict with the environment (Coccossis, Parpairis, 1995). Not only that, as a result of environmental consciousness, a huge number of alternative forms of tourism been developed in the last decade. Sustainable Tourism promotes limited-scale, low-impact, community-based activities. It may be defined as tourism that gives emphasis to the come across and understanding between the hosts and the tourist, as well as the environment (Smith Eadington, 1992) or as tourism consistent with the natural, social and community values and that allows a arrogant relationship among locals and tourists. (Wearing Neil, 1999).Sustainable environment requires sustainable design. Architecture and design can preserve the memorable and old monuments while it can also create new and attractive qualities in which people can use and enjoy. Architecture has the talent of defining spaces and therefore has a powerful in fluence on the human doings and understanding and this is exactly what is always taken into account in sustainability, maximizing economic benefit and preserving the ecosystem. But what should be the arise to this design to achieve all goals of sustainable tourism or rather what are the tools and principles of architecture that need to be adopted to embrace sustainable tourism need to be developed. therefrom the question to be answered isWhat should be the architectural approach for sustainable tourism?Defining Sustainable TourismSustainable tourism is often considered to be a special kind of tourism that appeals to a particular market niche that is sensitive to environmental and social impacts. This is a narrow view as sustainable tourism is much more than a discreet or special form of tourism. The term sustainable tourism refers to a fundamental objective to be all tourism more sustainable. It is a continual subroutine of improvement, one which applies equally to tourism in cities, resorts, rural and coastal areas, hills and protected areas. It should be apprehension of as a condition of tourism, not a type of tourism. Sustainable tourism is based on the three pillars of sustainability (economic, social and environmental) and is simply defined by the World Tourism Organization as Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social, and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities. (WTO, 2005)Sustainability is a process and not an end state.The built environment and TourismTourism has an adverse effect on built environment. It could be on architectural faade, change of landuse, overburdening of understructure etc. Large scale construction of tourist facilities and other infrastructure tends to change the land use of an area and also disturb the natural ecological harmony of a destination.Also tourism brings changes to the vernacular technology and sometimes the tradi tional constructions simply vanish giving way to modern construction which is most of the time not following and principles of sustainability. Instead they create harm to the destination, eventually losing the character, being environmentally disturbing and not suited to the needs apart from mercantile aspect.Some of the other impacts of tourism on built environment and architecture of a place are over-intensive urbanization, illegal constructions, pollution, negative aesthetic changes, degradation of timberland etc.Need IdentificationTourism now accounts for 10% of the worlds economic activity but at the akin time it has major impacts on the natural and built environments and as well as on well being and cultures of host population. Ecological, social and economic sustainability are intertwined. Tourism and architecture may be connected to the benefit of the two and ultimately to the benefit of the people. There has been only a very little research on the role of architecture an d the approach that should be followed when targeting sustainable tourism.Since building activities like construction of hotels, thickening houses, tourist centres, commercial centres etc dominate the development of tourism at any place, there is a need to develop an approach and policy on architectural developments as part of sustainable tourism. This problem is of fundamental importance as it has led to the absence of an adequate theoretical foundation for understanding the dynamics of alternative tourism and the social activities it involves and responding to it accordingly. Sustainable design and planning do not jeopardize the economical benefits that a healthy tourism industry can bring on the contrary, they can enhance local peculiarities and make use of traditional knowledge and expertise. Where sustainable methods and materials are employed, buildings can be both ecologically and economically profitable, thanks to their lower construction and life cycle costs.This dissert ation will be a small effort in the same direction.ScopeSustainability does not require a diminished quality of life, but it does require a change in mindset and values toward a less consumptive lifestyle. These changes must embrace global interdependence, environmental stewardship, social responsibility and economic viability.Various government bodies, international organizations and conventions have stated the importance of tourism and its sustainability. Many countries as well wish to or have already initiated the pursuit to policies of sustainable tourism. In situation one of the most important issues in sustainable development of tourism resources is the consideration and expansion of design and construction standards in order to reach an optimum use of energy, water and land resources.The scope of the bring will be to understand sustainable tourism and its forms keeping in mind the delicate destinations specially, be it in terms of their ecosystem, cultural heritage or econ omic stability and state principles that should govern the architectural design and planning of the tourism infrastructure keeping in mind sustainability as defined above.To lay down the architectural ethics in planning and designing of tourist needs like hotels, guest houses , activity centres etc suitable to the ecosystem ,society and economy. The study will concentrate on the fragile destinations since there is more need there but the applications will be in general universal. The scope of research is in guidelines published by international bodies keeping in mind Indian destinations.LimitationsThe case studies where sustainable tourism developments have been implemented will not be accessible physically and the research will have to depend on secondary sources of data.The primary case study will be covering a destination which is fragile ecologically, culturally and economically. It might not be possible to make multiple visits and at the same time while doing the survey the lac k of academic knowledge regarding the subject amongst hosts could lead it directionless.None of the tourist destinations in India has adopted sustainable tourism as a whole. Few resorts, localities etc have adopted sustainability within them.Sustainable tourism is a relatively new term the research on it will be limited to data over the past 3o years only.Since the scope has to be limited the research will concentrate particularly on role of architecture in sustainable tourism and not other means of achieving it.When formulating the survey questionnaire, the lack of knowledge about sustainable tourism might lead to indirect framing of questions. Also people will have to be relied upon for being honest which might not be the case for all.1.7 References and BibliographyReferencesKhaksar,A., Tahmouri,A., Hoseinrazavi,S., 2001, The Reciprocal Effects Of Architecture And Tourism The Sustainability Approach, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, IranSharma,K., 2011, Sustainable Tourism D evelopment Through Sustainable Architecture A Projected Case Study of Coxs Bazaar, Bangladesh. Masters thesis, University of HuddersfieldUNEP and WTO, 2005, Making Tourism much sustainable A guide for policy makers

Selecting sanitary landfill site location and its factors that are suitable for the place

Selecting sanitary downfill situation location and its factors that argon suited for the placeCHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThis chapter describes seek that had been nethertaken on selecting sanitary landfill site location and its factors that atomic number 18 competent for the place. This literatures also included the lays that can be utilize to betoken the best location and also active the relation between and models and the GIS application.2.2 Solid waste Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally unfaltering and are discarded as useless or unwanted (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993). Solid waste also is the term to describe non-liquid waste materials from the mankind (Nair et al., 2007). Solid waste is one of the three major(ip) environmental problems in Malaysia and it plays a significant role in the big businessman of Nature to sustain life within its capacity (http//www.gecnet.info, 2002). Currently, everyplac e 23,000 tonnes of waste is produced individually day in Malaysia. However, this amount is expected to rise to 30,000 tonnes by the year 2020 (Manaf et al., 2009). From that amount, only less than 5% of the waste is being recycled (http//www.gecnet.info, 2002).Based on record from Manaf et al., (2009) in Malaysia, there were three major categories of full-blooded waste and each category is under the responsibility of a different government department. For municipal solid waste, it is the responsibility under Ministry of Ho use and Local Government (MHLG). Department of Environmennt (DOE) will arranged the schedule or hazardous waste and the clinical waste is under the Ministry of Health (MOH). 2.3 Sanitary Landfill Landfill selection in an urban area is a critical issue in the urban planning process because of its enormous impingement on the economy, ecology and the environmental health of the region (Akbari et al., 2008). As day from day, the growths of urbanization as well as the desire to live in cities, larger amount of wastes are produced and unfortunately the solid waste management problem became bigger (Akbari et al., 2008). Land filling has been utilize for m any(prenominal) years as the intimately common order for the disposal of solid waste generated by different communities (Komilis et al., 1999). As Zyma (1990) mentioned that numerous factors have to be evaluated in order to place a landfill and then this adequate landfill should have minimum environmental impacts and social acceptance. Besides, an adequate landfill should be in accordance with the respective regulations (Zyma 1990). Yesilnacar and Cetin (2005) studies that the site selection procedure, however, should make level best use of the available cultivation and ensure that the outcome of the process is acceptable to most stakeholders. The planning and contrive of a solid waste landfill management organisation involves selection of treatment and disposal facilities, allocation of solid wastes and waste residues from the generator to the treatment and disposal sites, and selection of exile routes (Yesilnacar and Cetin, 2005). Furthermore, many potential criteria, such(prenominal) as distance from residential areas, distance from main(prenominal) roads, investment costs, availability of solid waste, and land slope must be considered in the selection procedure of a landfill location . Landfill sitting also is a difficult and complex process requiring evaluation of many different criteria (Chang et al. 2007) since it has to combine environmental, economic and social factors. Environmental factors are very important because the landfill may affect the environment and the ecology of the surrounding area (Siddiqui et al. 1996 Kontos et al. 2003 Erkut and Moran 1991). Consideration of economic factors for landfills, it includes the costs development, operation of the site and also transportation of the waste (Delgado et al. 2008 Erkut and Moran 1991 Kontos et al. 2003). Social and political opposition to landfill siting have been indicated as the greatest obstacle for successfully locating waste disposal facilities (Lober 1995). The not In My Backyard (NIMBY) and Not In Anyones Backyard (NIABY) phenomena (Chang et al. 2008 Kao and Lin 1996 Erkut and Moran 1991 Kontos et al. 2003 Lin and Kao 2005) are becoming popular nowadays because it create big problem to close maker to make out the suited place for sanitary landfill date nowadays is encounter insufficient of suitable land.It is evident that many factors must be consider in making decision for sanitary landfill sitting and geographic information systems (GIS) is an ideal tools for this kind of preliminary studies due to their ability to manage large volumes of spatial data from a variety of sources (Sener et al. 2006).2.4 Geographical Information establishmentGeographic information system (GIS) is a computerize database management system that designed to manage large volumes of spatially distributed data from a variety of sources (Charnpratheep et al., 1997). They are ideal for advanced site-selection studies because they efficiently store, retrieve, break up, and display information according to user-defined specifications (Kao et al., 1997). GIS has been extensively use to facilitate and lower the cost of the landfill site-selection process (Sener et al., 2006). GIS often been employed for the siting and billet of facilities (Church, 2002). GIS has emerged as a very important tool for land use suitability analysis (Malczewski, 2004). GIS also can recognize, correlate and analyze the spatial affinity between mapped phenomena, thereby enabling policy-makers to link disparate sources of information, perform sophisticated analysis, visualize trends, project outcomes and strategize long-term planning goals (Malczewski, 2004).GIS as a box of tools for manipulation geographical data is very useful, however, the list of tools provided by GIS although impress ive is not complete. For example in most GIS packages spatial analytical functionality, lies mainly in the ability to perform deterministic overlay and buffer functions (Carver, 1991). Such abilities whilst ideal for performing spatial searches ground on nominally mapped criteria, are of limited use when triple criteria and targets, such as in the case of landfills selection, are applied (Jeff and Baxter, 1996). The integrating of GIS with analytical techniques will be a valuable addition in GIS toolbox. furtherance in this area is inevitable and future developments will continue to place increasing emphasis upon the analytical capabilities of GIS (F separateingham and Rogerson, 1994).GIS have the capability to handle and simulate the needed economic, environmental, social, technical, and political constraints. Many of the attributes involved in the process of selection of sanitary landfill sites have a spatial representation, which in the last few years has do the predominanc e of geographical approaches that allow for the integration of multiple attributes using geographic information systems (Kontos et al. 2003 Sarptas et al. 2005 Sener et al. 2006 Gomez-Delgado and Tarantola 2006 Delgado et al. 2008 Chang et al. 2008). Site selection procedures can benefit from the appropriate use of GIS. plebeian benefits of GIS include its ability to (a) capture, store, and manage spatially referenced data (b) provide massive amounts of spatially referenced input data and perform analysis of the data (c) perform sensitivity and optimization analysis easily and (d) communicate model results (Vatalis and Manoliadis 2002).GIS also provides a spatial framework to land use analysis and it has been recognised as a useful decision support technology. The role of GIS is to generate a set of feasible solutions representing the relative land suitability with respect to any given map layers and to display it. Nevertheless, it does not provide means to deal with multiple decis ion factors. There has been a recent trend to integrate GIS with other software for better decision making in planning.2.5 Previous Study on GIS in Sanitary Landfill Site Selection 2.5.1 Case Study in Iran (Akbari et al., 2008)According to Akbari et al., (2008) a good waste disposal area has few characteristics such as it should be away from the place which has the history of flooding. From previous pick up done by Allen et al., (2001), landuse, road and other environmental factor must be considered in selecting the suitable waste disposal area. In this study, raster-based and vector-based is employ to observe potential waste sites based on suitability of topography and proximity to geographic features (Kier et al.,1993). In locating the suitable waste disposal area, this study was concern some public health. According to first stage, Akbari et al. (2008) in considering the high rate of urbanization, one should take the long term land use planning of suburbs into consideration t o grade the disposal area. In this study also, Akbari et al. (2008) use the combining order. In the first stage, GIS used as the method to predict some of the unacceptable area based on criteria. Then, the study continues the analyzing by using fuzzy multicriteria decision making (Zadeh, 1965). For the parameter in this study, most of the criteria that has been used follow the previous study such as proper heigt and slope, faults, surface water sources, water wells, urban and rural area, agriculture area, road nedeucerks and coastal zone (Kamariah, 1998 Halvadakis, 1993 Vassiloglou, 2001)Result for this study as most based on the second stage which is using Fuzzy Multicriteria Decision Making (Zadeh, 1965). FMCDM method is therefore chosen for ranking different landfill sites based on decisions given by a group of experts (Chang et al., 2007). 2.5.2 Case Study in China (Wang et al., 2008)GIS used as the main system in designing the suitable places for the sanitary landfill site. GIS has been extensively used to facilitate and lower the cost of the sanitary landfill site-selection process (Charnpratheep et al., 1997). Some of the siting technique combine GIS with the multiple criteria analysis (Kao and Lin, 1996 Lin and Kao, 1998) and for this case study, Wang et al., (2008) choose to use uninflected Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a decision making technique. Actually, AHP is often used to compare the relative suitability of a itsy-bitsy number of alternatives concerning the overall goal (Wang et al., 2008).In this study, the criteria that been used is based on the relevant International literature (Kontos et al., 2005 Al-Jarrah and Abu-Qdais, 2006 Sener et al., 2006) and also regulation in China. For the criteria, Wang et al., (2008) split into two groups which is environmental criteria that limit to geographical areas. The second group is about economic factors. As mention in journal, the criteria that has been used for selecting suitable site are residentia l area, surface water bodies, ground waters, airport areas, land uses, slopes of land surface and roads. Wang et al., (2008) use the price of the land as the economic factor in selecting suitable site. Other criterion for the economic factor is the cost for the transportation. They lower the transportation cost by deciding the waste production center should be 500m from the main road. According to Wang et al., (2008) economic factor is important for developing countries and should be considered for solid waste landfill.From the overall study, integration of GIS with the multi criteria evaluation technique, AHP can be the best method for completing in selecting suitable site for the sanitary landfill. AHP gives some advantage for the user because it can provide large and many data in selecting suitable site (Charnpratheep et al., 1997 Chang et al., 2008). AHP also provided great flexibility in the aggregation procedure (Wang et al., 2008). 2.5.3 Case Study in India (Sumathi, 2005)In this case study, Sumathi et al, (2005) use the combination of GIS method and also MCDA or Multi Criteria Decision Method. A GIS-based MCDA integrates and transforms spatial and aspatial data into a decision. It involves the utilization of geographical data, the decision makers preferences and the manipulation of data and preferences to arrive at uni-dimensional determine of alternatives (Sumathi et al., 2005). Consequently, it may be considered as a rather complex multi-criteria decision making process involving numerous stakeholders and public interest groups. Hipel (1982) proposed an earlier version of multi-criteria moulding incorporating fuzzy set possibility to solve solid waste disposal problems in Canada. MCDA have primarily been employed to solve site selection problems in solid waste management (Vuk et al., 1991 Pereira and Duckstein, 1993 Hokkanen and Salminen, 1994, 1997). Kontos et al. (2005) described a methodology which comprises several methods from different scien tific fields such as multiple criteria analysis, geographic information systems, spatial analysis and spatial statistics to evaluate the suitability of the study region in order to optimally site a landfill. Padmaja et al. (2006) identified a solid waste disposal site in Hyderabad city using an analytical hierarchy process and GIS.The criteria that has been used in this case study are, lake and ponds, rivers, water depict sources, groundwater table, groundwater quality, infiltration, air quality index, geology, fault line, elevation, land use, habitation, highways and sensitive sites. 2.5.4 Case Study in Sabah, Malaysia (Lunkapis, 2004)Study in Sabah by Lunkapis (2004) is using Geographical Information formation (GIS) as decision support tool for landfills siting. Using only GIS as a tool for selecting landfill site still can give the ideal sites. From this study, the criteria used for this study is determine by following the guidelines produced by the Ministry of Environment Mala ysia in 1995 and also the collaboration with the Sandakan Spatial Planning Working Group.In this study also, Lunkapis (2004) used the two major criteria which are constraints and factor that has been used for an ideal siting of landfills. The constraints were related to roads, open water, protected areas, urban, rural residential areas, soil permeability and soil type, land use and distance to transportation routes (Lunkapis, 2004).In this project, there were some problems regarding management issue and budget allocation. On one hand the advocate proposed that the existing landfill should be maintained due to the lack of funding to open a new one (Lunkapis, 2004). Lunkapis (2004) also said that the existing dumping site were large plenteous to cater for many years to come and the only requirement was the budget must be allocated for better management and maintainance. 2.6 Combining GIS with other method 2.6.1 GIS with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Siddiqui et al. (1996) were t he first to combine geographic information system (GIS) and AHP procedure to aid in site selection. Similarly, Charnpratheep et al. (1997) utilized fuzzy set theory with GIS for the screening of landfill sites in Thailand. Chang et al. (2008) combined GIS and fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making for landfill siting in the suburban area of the City of Harlingen. Nema and Gupta (1999) proposed an improved formulation based on a multi-objective integer programing approach to reach the optimal configuration of a regional hazardous waste management system. Ishizaka and Tanaka (2003) discussed the risk for the waste disposal system in Japan, is considering public conflict in the site selection process. Recently, several publications have tackled landfill siting problems using GIS and multi-criteria analysis or intelligent system approaches in Greece, Turkey, and Jordan (Vatalis and Manoliadis, 2002 Kontos et al., 2005 Al-Jarrah and Abu-Qdais, 2005 Sener et al., 2006 Wang et al., 2008). 2 .6.2 GIS with Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE)Multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) is used to deal with the difficulties that decision makers encounter in handling large amounts of complex information. The principle of the method is to divide the decision problems into more smaller understandable parts, analyze each part separately, and then integrate the parts in a logical manner (Malczewski 1997). The integration of GIS and MCE is a powerful tool to solve the landfill site selection problem because GIS provide efficient manipulation and presentation of the data and MCE supplies consistent ranking of the potential landfill areas based on a variety of criteria (Sener et al. 2006). Higgs (2006) account the potential of integrating multi-criteria techniques with GIS in waste facility location and documented through a review of the existing literature to highlight the opportunities and challenges facing decision makers at different stages of the waste facility management process. Vatalis an d Manoliadis (2002) used GIS digital map overlay techniques in order to find the suitable landfill sites in westward Macedonia, Greece. Differing siting constraints were considered, and numerical and qualitative criteria were applied in their investigation. The resulting alternative sites were also evaluated using multi-criteria evaluation models. Lin and Kao (1998) developed a model which was applicable for vector-based data. Integrated with a GIS, the model was capable of processing digital spatial data to facilitate landfill siting analysis. Leao et al. (2001) described a method to quantify the relationship between the demand and supply of suitable land for waste disposal over time, using GIS and modeling techniques. Allen et al. (2003) have studied the development of a GIS model for locating landfill sites, an Interreg IIC funded by EU research project and conducted by a team of Irish and Portuguese engineering geologists, civil engineers, and GIS experts from universities and local government. The primary objective of the project has been reported so as to establish a transferable, trans-national GIS site selection framework that could be applicable throughout the European Union, thus creating a GIS landfill model for the location of new landfill sites over the next few years. 2.6.3 GIS with System Simulation Model (SSM)A performance-based design approach can provide more efficient and cost-effective solutions. Selection of landfill design components satisfying some predefined performance criteria is possible using geographic information systems (GIS) and system simulation models (SSM). Recently, with the help of new developments in the area of software technologies, integration of GIS and SSM technologies into expert systems or decision support systems has become important for landfill design applications (Lukasheh et al. 2001). GIS can efficiently handle databases and perform queries to analyze geographic data to be classified geologically and hydrogeo logically, which can help landfill site selection (Lukasheh et al. 2001 Dorhofer and Siebert 1998). SSM like hydrogeologic evaluation of landfill performance (HELP) were developed to assist in the design of landfill elements. The integration of GIS and SSM in one unified system is stated to provide an interface for data storage, database access, and data display using the GIS and allow a single designer to action a complete design and evaluation and provide with a predictive tool using SSMs (Lukasheh et al. 2001). 2.7 Chapter summaryBased on this chapter, the most method that has been used by previous research is combining Geographical Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Basically, using only GIS software is enough to predict suitable places for sanitary landfill site. But to get more exact value for prediction, combining with the AHP is better. This is because AHP can combine many criteria in one time. More than that, using AHP can make the criteria th at been use for prediction more flexibility depends on the scaling weighting. Combing GIS with AHP also is a better method because if use GIS only, the naked data may only came from map, but AHP can join map and also other data such as economic factor as the scaling weighting.

Subversion of Women in A Scandal in Bohemia :: Scandal in Bohemia Essays

Subversion of Women in A Scandal in Bohemia   Doyles A Scandal in Bohemia follows the story of the famous detectiveSherlock Holmes on his adventures to retrieve a damaging movie. Inthe society Watson describes, the apparent role of women is miniscule foremphasis focuses on one woman who is the object of Holmes detectiveinquiries. In A Scandal in Bohemia, society places women at asubordinate train pushing them to the background therefore never allowingus, the reader, to know them. Watson describes women as second-class citizens at the start of thestory without directly saying so. When Watson says, My own completehappiness, and home-centered interests which raising up around the man whofirst finds himself master of his own establishment were sufficientenough to absorb all my attention, (212) he declares outright that hewears the heave in the family, thus implying that his married woman makes noimportant family decisions. Since Watson is the master or ruler of hisown es tablishment, he insinuates that the members of his family are hisservants not his equals. Watsons wife is a flyspeck character, clearlyevident because we never hear from her and never learn her name. On oneoccasion, Watson spends the night at Watsons house on Baker Streetwithout one time thinking to call his wife. Watsons behavior shows whatlittle respect he has for his wife. This blatant disregard for his wifesfeelings illustrates the insignificance of this woman. The King of Bohemia displays another example of the lack of respectgiven to women. His concerns do not center on his future wife becomingaware of this affair but rather tarnishing his own image. The King fearsthe revelation of this scandalous photograph for it lies on the hands ofa woman. His interests to dominate this woman are evident in the callousactions the King directs towards Irene Adler. The King states, Fiveattempts have been made. Twice burglars in my pay ransacked her house.Once we diverted her luggage when s he traveled. Twice she has beenwaylaid. There has been no result (218). This disregard for Adlersprivacy questions the Kings overall motives. Does he really penury thephotograph or do his actions focus on hurting Irene Adler? The King wantsthe upper hand on this beautiful, yet intelligent woman. The Kingsattitude towards his future wife and his former lover, Irene Adler fitsinto societys narrowly defined roles of women.In this society, women were the nurtures and the protectors of thechildren and what some deem as only monetarily valuable items. The femaleinstinct to nurture reflects in the personality of Irene Adler.

The Ants and The Bees: Comparing the Social Structure of these Colonia

A butt, drones, and workers sh atomic number 18 a common place in life. They all make love in a bee and ant colony striving together to accomplish their specific jobs. Living in a world where females are your workers and protectors of the queen, and drones are used to multiply the colony, and and so die. When you look passed the buzzing of ants, you see a very sociable creature working like a well oiled machine. When you hear the dirt on the bees, they may look sociable, but deep down, its another world. A world where queens kill sibling sisters, and the drones are ejected out into the cold to thirst just for the sake of their colony. Where females defend the nest and die 100% of the time after the sting. Bees and ants, both considered sociable insects, have a very different skyline on sociability.The colonies of ants and bees are broken down into several different categories. The top of the chain consist of the queen in both colonies. The colony depends on the queen to produce the eggs for their survival. This is the only function for the queen. She is able to choose what gender the eggs will become by fertilizing or not fertilizing them. She is capable of retention the balance of the colony in check by choosing the gender of her eggs. Unfertile eggs become the drones of the colony, where fertile eggs becomes the female workers. The males, or drones of the colony practice only one purpose, and that is to fertilize the eggs. The drones do no maintenance work, no tending to the colony, no foraging, and they shortly die after mating with the queen. The workers of the colony are all female and mostly foragers, but some do have different task within their society (Stanger et al., 1971, p.10-11). The same can be implied to the ant colony which is made up of ... ...ned (Layton, 2008, p.1). They clamp on with there mighty jaws, rotate in a circle, and sting their victim while still clamped on. rough ants do not have a stinger. They simply drop poison unto th eir victims skin.Bees and ants live in a social nest setting, where there is a queen, drones, and workers. At first glance they may seem to be almost the same, one with wings and one without. Storing honey for rougher seasons and times, protecting by stinging, and having different types that are to a greater extent harmful than others. At a closer look, ants are more the social creatures than bees. Living with more than one queen and sharing the neighboring colonies workers. Bees seem to live a more a closed off, mobster type. The queen killing off her sister rivalry to rule over the colony. Bees and ants may be standardised in social structure, but different when you get down to the dirt.

My Dad :: Personal Narrative Profile

Personal Narrative- My DadOh my god, I thought this day would never come. Hell be all right, I hope? Why him, why non some one else? On the far southwest corner of the ranch the cool wind whispered through the tall cotton wood trees, forcing me to chance helpless. Time was winding down and I was to. Indescribable hot sweats came over me, my knees began to buckle. I heard my dads voice say, Im a goner echo through the dust cloud that my jittery feet were creating. He was never wrong, in my opinion, but I wanted him to be so badly. I said a invocation and we said, I love you for the last time. The ambulance putted up the road barley cleaning it while I sat and watched my daddy slip away, in front of my eyes. suffocating and fading fast he looked right at me and I thought I had lost my best friend forever. After many years of unwaveringly labor as a mechanic, my dad developed bone spurs in his upper spine at the age of 51. Pain was involved in his occasional life but never stopped him from taking care of his family. Although he could still maintain the ranch, he lost an asset that we loved, and that was throwing a ball here and there. After a while it took control of his life and he wasnt able to do anything. A family discussion was held, options flew here and there, finally a verdict. He would establish the surgery, and be back and happy in no time. While making this decision there were things we had talked about. Such as what would we do if we lost you? In addition, is it a safe surgery? It was a touchy subject but we had to talk about it. The doctor told us he had never had a death and that it was a common operation. This made my mom and I feel a wee bit more comfortable until the day of surgery. He couldnt eat or imbibe certain things, no painkillers, and was even told to think about happy things. These precautions were taken to lessen the chance of a problem during surgery smaller.The next week flew by quickly and during that week my family spent eve ry moment together like it was our last. My dad and I threw the ball, just like old times, even though it contuse him.