Marine Ecosystem - 1607 Words

The earths oceans provide an enormous range of resources and affect the quality of life as we know it. The oceans cover approximately 70 percent of the surface of the earth and have a cyclical effect on weather, e.g. temperature, precipitation and air quality. Regardless of your views on global warming, the fact remains that humans have an impact on the marine ecosystems through waste from chemicals and debris polluting this vast renewable resource. Based upon current scientific evidence, emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are projected to cause significant global climate change during the 21st century. Such climate change will create novel challenges for coastal and marine ecosystems that are already stressed from human†¦show more content†¦However, the total amount of energy in the universe available to do biological work is decreasing over time.This law plays into the fact that energy in life-organisms is decreasing over time. If this were not the case th en, these organisms would live forever. Instead the law is biological creatures are born and they die. Energy can only be transferred. It cannot be created or destroyed. In the marine life-system this is as evident as in any other life-system. Benthos relies on nekton just as much as plankton. They are all locked in a complicated yet simple dance of consumption, reproduction, and death following in decomposition. This can be translated into energy examples such as taking in energy through capturing, transferring energy as in reproduction and dispersing energy back into the general eco system by death. Abiotic factors are elements of an ecosystem that are non-living but still have an impact on the environment. Some examples of abiotic factors that impact the marine ecosystem include: water temperature, sunlight, ocean currents and the salinity of the water. Biotic factors in the marine ecosystem are the living organisms, which include plants and animals. Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual processes over many generations. Many species develop their unique characteristics through biological adaptation, which involves the selection of naturally occurring variations in populations. Biological adaptationsShow MoreRelatedMarine Ecosystems4156 Words   |  17 PagesRocky Shore Ecosystems- Point Cartwright Nicolas Cuny 11B Mr. Nisbett Due Date: 03/09/2010 Introduction: On the 23rd of August, the three biology classes or grade 11 at Redlands College visited the rocky shore ecosystems at Point Cartwright in Queensland. Two different types of rocky shore ecosystem were examined, the rock pool area, and the boulder area. We first examined areas within the rock pool area. The rock pool area has several specific featuresRead MoreEndangered Species Of Marine Ecosystems1616 Words   |  7 Pagesholds in a fishery. This policy will enable controlled fishing (Solliman, 2014). Endangered species of marine ecosystems can also be restored in an artificial way. This is a practice that ensures all species will coexist in many years to come. Through this practice different species are introduced in a new habitat. Here they are mingled with native species. This enables a specific ecosystem to have variety of different species. It is this practice that ensures predators do not run out of food.Read MoreHealth And Sustainability Of Marine Ecosystem Degradation1026 Words   |  5 Pagesto â€Å"conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.† Targets 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5 and 14.a, aim to improve the health and sustainability of marine ecosystems by a specified date, and avoid adverse impacts to the environment by addressing specific kinds of marine pollution. These are measurable in so far that it is scientifically possible to quantify nutrient pollution, ocean acidity, marine debris, biodiversity etc. , across space and time, asRead MorePlastic And Its Effects On The Marine Ecosystem2990 Words   |  12 Pagesamount of space and poisons animals. The overflow of plastic eventually makes its way into the ocean and is affecting marine life at an alarming rate. Plastic debris pollutes oceans all over the world as it breaks down into smaller pieces and are ingested by a large range of species. Animals exposed eat the plastic products and it causes health problems throughout the marine ecosystem. Some humans rely on these animals for food without knowing that they have been exposed to toxic products. The smallestRead MoreThe Effects Of Ocean Pollution On The Marine Ecosystem1517 Words   |  7 Pages Ocean pollution comes in many forms with each having some sort of effect on the marine ecosystem. Ocean pollution is destroying earth s waters, because its killing populations of organisms in the water all over the ocean, Its destroying coral reefs and water is being contaminated with oil,garbage and chemicals.Which in turn is destroying organisms all over the ocean. For the purpose of this paper, it will be logical to categorize these pollutants into three main areas; garbage, chemical, and noiseRead MoreMarine Ecosystem Causes of Degradation and Case Studywhat Is the Marine Ecosystem? Marine Ecosystems Are Among the Largest of Earths Aquatic Ecosystems. It Covers Almost 70% of the Earths Surface. They Include Oceans,2043 Words   |  9 PagesWhat is the Marine Ecosystem? Marine ecosystems are among the largest of Earths aquatic ecosystems. It covers almost 70% of the earth’s surface. They include oceans, salt marsh and intertidal ecology, estuaries and lagoons, mangroves and coral reefs, the deep sea and the sea floor. They can be contrasted with freshwater ecosystems, which have a lower salt content. â€Æ' Why is the Marine Ecosystem important? Marine ecosystems are very important in to the overall health of both marine and terrestrialRead MoreImpact Of Overfishing On Marine Ecosystems And Human Culture1724 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Overfishing occurs when fish are being caught faster than they can reproduce and replace themselves (Lee and Safina, 1995, pg.5). It greatly affects biodiversity of marine ecosystems and human culture. Impacts of Overfishing Overfishing can impact marine ecosystems and communities that rely heavily on marine mammals. Large reductions in population sizes of marketable fish species caught yearly may significantly create economic stress within fishing communities, especially if they mainlyRead MoreHumans Are Wiping Out the Marine Ecosystem Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesOur ecosystem is in danger. Fish, corals, octopuses, turtles, and even whales are dying. One may ask why: humans. Humans are wiping out multiple ecosystems on a daily basis. If this atrocious rate of marine life genocide continues, the human race probably won’t be able to have fish on their dinner plates in approximately a hundred years. The water is murky, and life is fading away. Several factors act as a cause for this catastrophe. For example, the annihilation of marine organisms is kindled byRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Humans and Nature on Florida’s Marine Ecosystems2047 Words   |  9 Pagesone large marine ecosyste m. Florida is one big sand peninsula located below the 40th longitudinal North American line. Three bodies of salt water (Gulf of Mexico, Strait of Florida and Atlantic Ocean) surround three out of four directions of Florida. Man-made canals, natural lakes, rivers and estuaries are confined within the State of Florida’s physical boundaries. All of these form an interlocking system of waterways that impact the interconnected marine environment (marine ecosystem). All ofRead MoreA Successful Marine Biologist That Specializes The Natural Beauty Of The Oceans Ecosystem852 Words   |  4 Pagesimpossible to reach such a far fetched goals. My main goals or â€Å"dream goals† that I am currently striving for are career based, and those goals are to one day become a successful Marine Biologist that specializes in cetaceans, marine mammals, while also trying my hardest to converse the natural beauty of the oceans ecosystem. Now this may not be the most finically sound job , or even easily achieved career, but for me it is not about the money or easy way. Would I prefer that I have a high income? Yes

My First Observation On The Classroom Arrangement

Introduction My second observation was completed at Arts Based Elementary where I observed Alysha Christian and her third grade class. During my observation I saw a lot of techniques that I know are important to help kids with literacy like: a read aloud, a reading section filled with books, and a great teacher. Mrs. Christian. There topic that day was plants and Mrs. Christian did a read aloud, Mrs. Maple’s Seeds, that helped the students learn more about seeds then they watched a video that also helped them learn about seeds. Mrs. Christian incorporated many different types of activities, instruction, and strategy to make for a great lesson! Classroom arrangement Mrs. Christian’s classroom was a lot smaller than Mrs. Payne’s at Caleb’s Creek (who I observed first) but she did make good use of her space. There were three sections of about five desk pushed together to make a table. In the front there was a board where Mrs. Christian could show videos or put notes up. In the back was the rug where they did their read aloud. There was also a small reading section, with tons of books for the students to read. I did not really notice a writing section, but I was sitting at a small table in the back that could have maybe been used as a writing section. Though, I am not sure. On the walls there were tons of art work, most of it was done by the students. She also had these trees on her wall that were designed with different colored plates. The plates were used to representShow MoreRelatedTeaching Technique For Students With Learning Disabilities Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesMy research started by observin g the teacher leading the After School Action Program (ASAP) in which I volunteer. Teaching methods were administered to all students to include students with disabilities. While conducting my observation, several questions arose which lead to my research. Finding the appropriate teaching technique for students with learning disabilities will benefit all level students which will inevitably help in filling the gap within the general education system. First, I willRead MoreI Am Observing For The After School Action Program Essay1724 Words   |  7 Pagesskills. In this program, there are approximately 12 students, which 4 students have learning disabilities. Research has been conducted by my observation of various techniques implemented for the inclusion of these students. During my observation, several approaches have been used with success in retaining students understanding of the material being presented. First, as a student whose major is ECL-6 Special Education, I want to stud y different approaches to which teachers implement on students withRead MoreStudy of Increasig the Number of Students to Class Timetables1571 Words   |  7 Pagespast research which is related to my studies and try to use it to guide me as long as my research is running. Therefore, I have chosen the review from Massachusetts 2020 which is studies on the effects of longer classes on learning. During my studies, I want to focus this research among the degree level students in KPTM KL. Just now, there are 673 students that are registered in this college. However, I will choose only 100 of them as my respondent to ensure my research is running well as I plannedRead MoreClassroom Observation Essay723 Words   |  3 Pagesto do field work and observe a classroom in order to acquire the ability to recognize different behaviors, procedures, and routines. Observing allows one to witness fundamental learning strategies and child development firsthand. With that being said, on October 24, 2 017, I spent my first full day at P.S. 45, formally known as John Tyler. Upon my entry into the school, I was assigned to room 213, which is a third-grade classroom General Education (General ED) classroom. Unfortunately, the cooperatingRead MoreAdvanced Seminar On Early Childhood Special Education810 Words   |  4 Pages DIFFERENTIATED CURRICULUM PROJECT PART A ADVANCED SEMINAR IN EARLY CHILDHOOD SPECIAL EDUCATION ECPSE 731 PROFESSOR: MONICA GIGANTE FEBRUARY 25, 2015 ADIE S. JAMES (SHARON) Overview Observation and interview for this assignment were conducted at P.S. 95Q – The Eastwood School, a New York City Department of Education public elementary school, located at 179-01 90th Avenue, Jamaica, N.Y. 11432. The hosts grades Kindergarten to 5th Grade, and has a population of 1,484 students.. School personnel includeRead MoreEffectiveness Of Current Behavior System1431 Words   |  6 Pagesgreatest strengths of this classroom, as indicated by the self-assessment, is the clear and consistent routines. This category received an overall average rating of 85%, with no single criteria falling under an 80% rating. Consistent routines can help prevent management problems because the activities run smoothly and efficiently and students are familiar with the expectations associated with each routine activity (Scheuermann Hall, 2016). This is apparent in this classroom as most students are onRead MoreClinical Supervision Cycle1666 Words   |  7 PagesDanielson (2010) says that teaching describes not only the teaching that occurs in the classroom but also the behind-the-scenes work of planning and other professional work, such as communicating with families and participating in a professional community. The Framework for Teaching encompas ses all of these aspects and more within the teacher evaluation process. Administrators should enter a teacher’s classroom with the idea that the teacher is a terrific teacher. Preconceived optimistic feelingsRead MoreHow Teachers And Students Communicate And Teaching More Effective Through My Field Work Observation Essay1595 Words   |  7 PagesAs a student for 20 years in China, I am used to the quiet classroom that almost only teachers are talking all the time. However, since I came to Canada, I never had any classroom that does not encourage students to share ideas and generate arguments. The communication in and outside class makes a great difference for my learning experience. I started to realize my value and build my own voices through these talking with my classmates and teachers. I believe by including effective communication inRead MorePersonal Teaching And Learning Philosophy1312 Words   |  6 Pagesaddition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Social, emotional and moral development. Learning involves more than cognitive development. Children gradually build a sense of self-identity and self-esteem. Drawing on my own teaching philosophy in early childhood teaching, my focus in teaching will be children’s personality and morality development. According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development (1950, as cited in Marsh, Clarke Pittaway, 2015a), children experience three stages ofRead MoreTheories About How Students Should Learn1728 Words   |  7 Pagestheories about how students should learn, I believe that the theories I had were based on what I had witnessed in previous observations and what I had learned about in previous classes. Throughout this semester in the STR program I have discovered much of what I believed is just that a theory and won’t work in all situations. For example, in one of my earlier field observations I witnessed a teacher who would push her students to their extreme li mits. I thought this was great except looking back she

Analysis of Oxygen Bearing Compunds Free Essays

Analysis of Oxygen bearing Organic compounds Abstract The Unknown sample in the experiment can be tested to yield results such as 1 ° (primary), 2 ° (secondary), 3 ° (tertiary) alcohols. Tests such as the dichromate test, Tollen’s test, Lucas test, DNPH test and iodoform test would be very useful in determining the type of alcohol that the unknown sample belongs to. In the experiment, the unknown sample underwent series of testing to identify what property of alcohol it belonged to and the result was that it was a primary alcohol. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Oxygen Bearing Compunds or any similar topic only for you Order Now It went through the Dichromate reaction, Tollen’s reaction and finally the Lucas reaction. Introduction â€Å"The analysis of oxygen bearing organic compounds† is an experiment in which a variety of tests are available to identify a compound’s property whether it is a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol. The tests that are included to come up with such results are interconnected with one another like that of the Dichromate test, followed by the Tollen’s test to yield an aldehyde if positive for mirror coating. The second set of procedure would again start with The Dichromate test, followed by the Tollen’s test and finally the Lucas test to yield either primary alcohol if it became turbid or secondary alcohols as it’s result if it did not turn turbid. The last set of interconnected tests were that of again, the Dichromate test, Followed by the DNPH that would determine if the unknown sample is a Ketone (positive for red-orange precipitate) or a tertiary alcohol (if negative for red-orange precipitate). But before going deeper on what these tests are, what first are the difference between their results which are the primary, secondary and the tertiary alcohols, aldehydes and ketones? Alcohols are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by an -OH group. Note however that there are different kinds of alcohols and Alcohols are categorized into different classes depending on how the -OH group is positioned and arranged on the chain of the carbon atoms. Chemical differences between the various types are possible. First to be discussed would be the Primary (1 °) alcohol, in which the carbon carrying the -OH group is only attached to one alkyl group. Meanwhile, In a secondary (2 °) alcohol, the carbon with the -OH group attached is joined precisely to two alkyl groups, these alkyl groups that are attached to the carbon chain may be the same or different. In a tertiary (3 °) alcohol, the carbon atom holding the -OH group is attached directly to three alkyl groups, which may be any combination of same or different [1]. On the other hand, another result that can occur would be the presence of ketones and Aldehydes. But again, to understand the experiment further, what are Ketones and aldehydes? A ketone can be characterized as either the functional group categorized by a carbonyl group (O=C) attached to two other carbon atoms or it can be identified as a chemical compound that contains a carbonyl group. A carbonyl carbon bonded to two carbon atoms makes ketones different from carboxylic acids, aldehydes, esters, amides, and other oxygen-containing compounds. The double-bond of the carbonyl group distinguishes ketones from alcohols and ethers. The simplest ketone known is acetone [2]. Lastly among the results is the aldehyde. The term aldehyde seems to have arisen from the wordds alcohol dehydrogenated. Way back in earlier times, aldehydes were at times named after the corresponding alcohols, for example, vinous aldehyde for acetaldehyde. (Vinous is from Latin vinum = wine, the traditional source of ethanol; compare vinyl. ). An aldehyde is an example of an organic compound which has a terminal carbonyl group. This functional group, which consists of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and double-bonded to an oxygen atom (chemical formula O=CH-), is commonly called the aldehyde group. The other names for aldehyde group are formyl and methanoyl group. The aldehyde group is considered polar. Oxygen, which is more electronegative than carbon, pulls the electrons in the carbon-oxygen bond in the direction of itself, creating an electron deficiency at the carbon atom. Owing to resonance stabilization of the conjugate base, an ? -hydrogen in an aldehyde is more acidic than a hydrogen atom in an alkane, with a typical pKa of 17 [3]. Results and discussions The experiment included parallel testing of 3 liquids that would be used for comparison. the first sample would be the unknown sample, the second would be the positive standard in which formaldehyde was used and the last wold be the negative sample in which the simplest ketone, Acetone was used. Only three test were used to determine whether the group’s unknown sample was under the category of primary, secondary, tertiary alcohol, aldehydes or ketones. The three tests were done one after the other in this order: Dichromate test, Tollen’s test, and Lucas test respectively. In the Dichromate test, the unknown sample and the formaldehyde turned green meaning that dichromate oxidized the primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, and aldehydes to ketones or carboxylic acids. Samples turning green would be an indicator that the samples are positive for oxidation and therefore are oxidizable. On the other hand, the acetone remained orange which means that it is not oxidizable and can be further continued to another test, the DPNH test which would prove that it is categorized as a ketone because of the presence of a red-orange precipitate that indicates that the DPNH reagent condenses with the carbonyl containing molecules. The second test that followed the Dichromate test was the Tollen’s test. In this test, the unknown sample turned clear gray and the formaldehyde turned into a dark grey liquid with silver streaks. The silver streaks are similar with the silver mirror coat that means that the Tollen’s reagent oxidized the ammonium salts of the carboxylic acids with this, the formaldehyde was categorized as an aldehyde. Alternatively, The clear grey liquid of the unknown sample would indicate that it was not positive for the Tollen’s test and therefore it would need to continue to be tested so as to decipher if it is a primary or secondary alcohol. The last test would be the Lucas test in which the unknown sample did not turn turbid and therefore it was concluded to be a primary alcohol. Together with the unknown sample that did not turn turbid was isopropyl and MeOH which just remained as clear liquids. then again, the sample liquid that turned turbid was the tertbutyl. By this reaction, it is said that alcohols are converted to alkyl chlorides with ZnCl2 taking into consideration too that different alcohol types respond at different rates with ZnCl2. Table 1. Chemical Test |Unknown sample |Standard (+) |Standard(-) | |Dichromate |*unknown sample turned green |*formaldehyde turned green meaning |*Acetone remained orange meaning it| | |meaning it it oxidizable |it is oxidizable |is not oxidizable | |Tollen’s |*unknown sample turned clear gray |*formaldehyde turned dark gray with|*acetone turned very light grey | | | |silver streaks. then turned clear. | |Lucas |*unknown sample did not turn turbid|*Tertbutyl-turned turbid fast |*Acetone- Clear; already not | | | |*Isopropyl-clear |applicable since it is a ketone. | | | |*MeOH-clear | | Experimentation A. An unknown sample was given and it should be parallel tested with two other standards- one would be positive and one would be negative. B. The Dichromate test started the experiment. 8 drops of the unknown sample as well as the the two other standard- formaldehyde and Acetone was placed in separate test tubes addind 2 drops of of 10% K2Cr2O7 and 5 drops of 6M H2SO4. C. The Tollen’s test followed. 2 ml of freshly made Tollen’s reagent and 5 droops of the unknown sample were mixed. After 5 minutes and the silver precipitate did not form yet, it was placed in a 70 degree water bath for another 5 minutes. Then the results were observed. D. The last test was the Lucas test in which the iunknown sample, tertbutyl, isopropyl and MeOH was tested all at the same time. 5 drops of the sample was and 15 drops of concentrated HCl was mixed together with a â€Å"corn grain† amount of ZnCl2 solid and the appearance of turbidity was observed or not. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the unknown sample that was given to be tested was an oxidizable, primary alcohol based on the tests that were conducted. Since it was positive for the dichromate test, it was deemed to be oxidizable. In the Tolle’s test, as it did not produce a mirror coat, it was directed to the choice of being a primary or a secondary alcohol. And for the last test, the Lucas test, it was finally concluded that it was a primary alcohol since it did not turn turbid. References: Books: †¢ Timberlake, Karen C. , â€Å"General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Structures of Life,Platinum Edition†, Pearson Education, Inc. , 2004 †¢ Bettelheim, F. A. , [et al. ], â€Å"Introduction to organic and biochemistry. 6th ed. †? Belmont, CA : Brooks/Cole, c2007 †¢ Wade, L. G. , . â€Å"Organic chemistry 6th ed. †. Upper Saddle River, N. J. : Pearson Prentice Hall, c2006. Additional On-line sources: †¢ [1] Clarks, j. (2003). Alcohol oxidation. Retrieved September 8 2008 from http://www. chemguide. co. uk/organicprops/alcohols/oxidation. html †¢ [2] N. A, (24 August 2008). Ketones. Wikipedia ®. Retrieved September 8 2008 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ketones †¢ †¢ [3] N. A, (31 August 2008). Aldehydes. Wikipedia ®. Retrieved September 8 2008 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Aldehydes How to cite Analysis of Oxygen Bearing Compunds, Essay examples

Corporations Law Principles

Questions: 1. Richard, along with his two sons, has to face the legal issue regarding, What steps are required to incorporate and register a company in Australia? 2. Whether Terry can take any action against Lazarus Pty Ltd, CMS and CM, or not? Answers: Introduction In Australia, there are majorly four types in which the business can be undertaken and these include sole trader, trust, partnership and corporation. The needs and requirements of the individuals finalize the type of business structure elected by such individuals (Australian Government, 2016). The company form of business has various advantages, including tax benefits and raising capital from public. To provide the advice to Richard and his two sons, regarding the selection of company/ corporation as a type of business for converting their family business, the various aspects relating to the incorporation, as well as, registration of the companies in Australia, have been elucidated. A tort is a civil wrong, under which the actions of one person, result in a loss for the other person. In Australia, negligence is considered as a tort law (Latimer, 2012). For the actions of one party, the other party can be held liable. These are cases when the court finds it justified to lift the corporate veil, to deliver the proper justice. In the following parts, the advice has been formed for Terry regarding the success of his claims against Lazarus Pty Ltd, CMS and CM. 1. Rule The Corporations Act, 2001 (CA) presents the various provisions, which are applicable over the incorporation and the registration of the companies in Australia. The first step in this regard is to finalize the type of company, which the person wants to elect. Broadly, there are two types of companies, as per section 112 of CA, public companies and proprietary companies. There are four sub-classifications of public companies, i.e., no liability company, no liability company, limited by guarantee, and limited by shares. On the other hand, the proprietary companies are classified into unlimited with share capital and limited by share (Australian Government, 2017). Though, the proprietary companies are not allowed to sell their shares to the general public, which is not the case in public companies (Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2016). The next step in incorporation of the companies is the selection of the name. There are certain things, which have to be kept in mind, while selecting the name of the company. The name of the company cannot be identical to a pre-existing name as per section 147 of CA. The availability of the name can be checked online. Under section 148 of CA, the name of the company can be selected on the basis of ACN or the Australian Company Number or on the basis of name availability. Moreover, the name of the company has to be affixed with the specified terms, which denote the type of company. For instance, a no liability company must have No Liability, unlimited proprietary company must have Proprietary, limited company has the term Limited, and a limited company has the term Limited at the end of the company name. When a name is finalized, an application has to be made to the ASIC, as per section 152, to reserve the selected name (Australian Government, 2017). Section 117 of CA provides the contents of the application, which has to be filed by the applicants with the ASIC, in order to apply for the registration of the company. In this application, the details of the person who wants to be a member, director, or company secretary of the company, their consent along with details like the type of company, the name of the company, the address of the proposed registered office of the company, the share details and the like, have to be clearly mentioned (Australian Government, 2017). The next step is to select whether the company would be managed under the constitution or replaceable rules, or both. Part 2B.4 of CA contains the provisions to be followed regarding the constitution and replaceable rules. The replaceable rules are applicable over some of the provisions only, as are set out in section 141 of CA. These rules are elected when the members of the company, do not want to go for a constitution. The provisions regarding constitution of a company are covered in section 136 of CA. the companies can adopt the constitution prior to or subsequent to the registration of company (Australian Government, 2017). When the constitution is adopted prior to registration, then the members have to provide their agreement regarding the terms of constitution in writing. A special resolution has to be filed when the constitution is adopted subsequent to the registration (ASIC, 2017). Once a decision is made regarding the adoption of constitution or replaceable rules, or both, an application as per section 117 has to be made with the requisite fees (Australian Government, 2017). As per section 118, when the ASIC is certain that all the elements of the application are complete in all aspects, it provides the company with the ACN, registers the said company and finally, issues the certificate containing details of company, for instance, its name or its type. The day, on which the company gets registered, it comes into existence, as per section 119. And the certificate of registration depicts the name of the company. Until and unless, the company is deregistered, it continues to exist (Australian Government, 2017). Upon incorporation, the company can commence its operations. Though, it has to be ensured that the company name is displayed whenever it conducts its business. Also, the allocated ACN or ABN has to be clearly printed over the company published documents. The companies are also required to keep its details updated, at all times (ASIC, 2017). Application In order for Richard and his two sons to start a family-run company, they have to follow the steps covered in the preceding parts. The first selection has to be made regarding the type of company, which they want to incorporate. Since they want to raise money from the public, they need to go for a public company, which is limited by shares. The next step is to finalize the name of the company. The name can be elected only when it is available; as both names are available, any one of them can be selected. A decision has to be made regarding the name of the company. Ridali name can be elected as the company name, and Richs Guaranteed Olives can be selected as the name of the business (ASIC, 2017). Thus, resolving the dispute. The next choice has to be made regarding the company being ruled under the constitution or replaceable rules. Since, the applicability of replaceable rules apply to certain aspects only, hence, Richard and his sons need to opt for a constitution. Upon following the rest of the steps, they can register and incorporate the company. 2. Rule Liability of Lazarus Pty Ltd Even though the companies are separate legal entities, there are cases, where this status of companies is revoked, and the court lifts/ pierces the corporate veil of the company, to hold the party responsible for the misdeed (Rudorfer, 2009). When the court can establish that a new company has been formed for the purpose of evading the liability of the old company, it treats the new company as a sham/ faade (Cheng, 2011). And, the court, in such cases, pierces the corporate veil, and holds the old company, accountable for its acts, which gave rise to the claims. Creasey v Breachwood Motors Ltd [1993] BCLC 480; 10 ACLC 3,052 is one of the examples of such instance. In this case, the judges pierced the corporate veil, in the interest of justice, in the matter of formation of Breachwood Motors Ltd. Breachwood Motors Ltd was then held accountable for the wrongful dismissal of the employee of Breachwood Welwyn Ltd, as the new company was held as a mere sham to avoid the liabilities of the old company (Griggs, 2017). Application In the given case, Lazarus Pty was formed only for evading the liabilities of CMS, which arose due to its negligence, which resulted in harm for its employees, and for the residents of Gunbarrel. As the objective of formation of this company was a faade, Creasey v Breachwood Motors Ltd, denotes that the corporate veil would be pierced in this and Lazarus Pty would be made to compensate for CMSs negligence. Liability of CMS Negligence is established when a person owes a duty of care towards some other person, and they fail to fulfill this duty, which results in loss or injury to the other person (Legal Services Commission of South Australia, 2013). Only when all the elements of negligence are present, can the claim against negligence be established. The elements are the duty of care, the violation of the duty, the resulting loss or injury, the direct causation, the injury to be substantial and not remove, and the foreseeability of such loss (DeMitchell, 2007). Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100 is a key case regarding negligence, where Stevenson was held liable in negligence, due to the snail that was found in his manufactured bottle, which was consumed by Donoghue (Latimer, 2012). Application The company owed a duty of care towards the residents of Gunbarrel and towards their employees. The water was contaminated, as a result of operations of the company, a duty was breached, as this resulted in people getting cancer. This was the harm that both residents of Gunbarrel and CMSs employees had to face. The foreseeability is clear as mining activities result in such diseases. Since all the elements of negligence are present, a case can successfully be made claiming the damages as a result of cancer. Liability of CM Even though holding and subsidiary companies are separate legal entities, the holding can be held accountable for subsidiary in some cases. These cases relate to the lifting of corporate veil to deliver a just and fair decision (Wibberley, Chambers and Gioia, 2017). When the court views the conduct of the company, as against the laws, it can pierce the corporate veil and hold the members or the owners of the company responsible for the debts incurred by the company (Vanderkerckhove, 2007). One instance where corporate veil can be pierced relates to the actions of the subsidiary involving tortuous liability. One of the cases, where this was established, is the case of CSR Ltd v Young [1998] Aust Tort Reports 81-468. For the purpose of liability, the judges considered that the holding and subsidiary companies had similar positions, as the control over the activities of the subsidiary was with the holding (Anderson, 2008). Moreover, the control was quite strong, and this resulted in the activities of subsidiary being treated as being undertaken by the holding. Even when the subsidiaries act as the implied agents of the holding, the corporate veil is pierced. To elucidate this, the case of Smith, Stone Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corp [1939] 4 All ER 116 has to be considered. In this case, as the subsidiary was carrying the business solely for holding, the holding was established to be eligible for the compensation, arising due to operating the business of subsidiary (French, Ryan and Mason, 2016). Application CM is the holding and CMS is the subsidiary in this case study. The above mentioned points have to be established, in order to hold CM responsible for negligence of CMS. Even though CMS was paying a leasing charge to CM, it was in addition to 10% of the leasing costs of the bank. The higher rates depict the strong control of CM. So, as per the first quoted case, i.e., CSR Ltd v Young, CM is responsible. The second aspect is also fulfilled in this case. This is evident from the fact that the leasing was done, with the only objective of subleasing the same to CMS. This was to get the work done by its subsidiary. So, as per the case of Smith, Stone Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corp, the operations of the company were, in reality, being done for CM. This allows the court to pierce the corporate veil and hold CM liable for CMSs negligence. Conclusion From the analysis of the facts, with the rules, it can be established that Terry can take any action against Lazarus Pty Ltd, CMS and CM. and he would successfully be able to recover damages from all three companies. The above analysis highlights the steps that have to be adopted by Richard and sons to incorporate and register a company. References Anderson, H. (2008) Directors Liability for Unpaid Employee Entitlements: Suggestions for Reform Based on their Liabilities for Unremitted Taxes. Sydney Law Review, 30 (470), pp. 478. ASIC. (2017) Constitution and replaceable rules. [Online] ASIC. 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